How Much Did Early Christians Refer to the Apocrypha and Other Books? – July 2011 version

Note that Ecclesiasticus, Sirach and “Wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirach” are three names for the same book.

Rows: red = persecution of Christians, lime green = heresy, light green = schism, Pale blue = Bible manuscripts, pink = strange teacher, brown = Christians persecuting others

W = Books and quotes mentioned by name or by writer       G = Quoted as God or Lord says or God’s Word I = Implied blank = not researched yet     X = rejected    - no reference found

S = Referred to as scripture, gospel, or by apostle(s)           E =not scripture but good to read                                Q = quotes 1 or more verses ½  = quote of ½ verse     A = Allusion

Writer	Pages	Date A.D.	Tobit	Ju-dith	Wis-dom	Ecclus	Baruch	Bel	Susan	3 Holy	Manas	3 Esdra	4 Esdr	1 Mac	2 Mac	3 Mac	4 Mac	Add Esth	Ps 151	Ps 152-3	Ps 154-5	1 En och	Sibyl	Positive mention of other books	Writer
Dead Sea Scrolls		before 68 A.D.	Q	-	-	Q	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Q	-	Q	Q	-	Jubilees, Epistle of Jeremiah	Dead Sea Scrolls
Jews in Palestine. Jamnia		70-90 C.E.	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	-	-	-	X	X	X	Jews in Palestine. Council of Jamnia 70 C.E.
Hellenistic Jews		c.400 B.C.-	W	W	W	W	W	W	W	W	W	W	W	W	W	W	W	m	m	m	m	m	-	Others	Hellenistic Jews
Nero and Domitian persecute Christians		50 and 95/96	Est. 500K Christians. Christians were labeled atheists and publicly tortured and killed for refusing to worship the emperor and pagan idols.																						Nero and Domitian persecute Christians
Clement of Rome (wrote 1 Clement)	16 ¼	96-98	-	W	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Clement of Rome (wrote 1 Clement)
Ignatius disciple of John (shortest version)	13	c.100-117	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Ignatius disciple of John (shortest version)
Trajan persecutes Christians		107-117	Answered Pliny the Younger’s letter. Christians are not to be sought after, but only killed if found.																						Trajan persecutes Christians
Didache (=Teaching of the Twelve Apostles)	4 ¾	before 125	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Didache (=Teaching of the Twelve Apostles)
Apology of Aristides (Greek version)	4	125 or138-161	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Apology of Aristides (Greek version)
Quadratus of Athens fragment (apologist)	1/8	126	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Quadratus of Athens fragment (apologist)
Letter to Diognetus (=Mathetes to Diognetus)	5 ¼	130-150	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Letter to Diognetus (=Mathetes to Diognetus)
Hadrian persecutes Christians		118 & 134	Hadrian loved Greek culture, and he persecuted both Jews and Christians. The Jewish Bar Cochba revolt happened under him.																						Hadrian persecutes Christians
Letter of Barnabas	12 ½	100-150	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Letter of Barnabas
2 Clement (anonymous writer)	5 ¾	c.150	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2 Clement (anonymous writer)
Polycarp to the Philippians	3 ½	100-155	½	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Polycarp to the Philippians
Papias of Hierapolis, disciple of John	2	130-150	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Papias of Hierapolis, disciple of John
“Presbyters” (Papias?)	½	-150	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	“Presbyters” (Papias?)
Bar Cochba persecutes Christians		135	Christians persecuted in Israel because Christians would not join Bar Cochba’s revolt.																						Bar Cochba persecutes Christians
Total Apostolic Fathers – until 150 A.D.	62	-150	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	Total Apostolic Fathers – until 150 A.D.
Justin Martyr of Neacaesarea, Samaritan philosopher and apologist	137	c.138-165	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	E	Gk philosophers Philemon, Plato’s Timeaeus, Acts of Pontius Pilate	Justin Martyr of Neocaesarea, Samaritan philosopher and apologist
Shepherd of Hermas	46 ½	c.160	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Eldad and Modat/Modad	Shepherd of Hermas
Evarestus’ Martyrdom of Polycarp	5	c.169	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Evarestus’ Martyrdom of Polycarp
Gnostic heresies become widespread		c.170-	Gnostics all believed the Creator was evil or foolish. Rejecting the Old Testament, they mixed Greek paganism and Christianity.																					many	Gnostic heresies become widespread
Tatian, pupil of Justin, later Encratite Gnostic	18+86	Died 172	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Tatian, pupil of Justin, later Encratite Gnostic
Dionysius of Corinth (wrote against Marcion)	1/3	170	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Dionysius of Corinth
Persecution of Marcus Aurelius		162/166-180	Aurelius was a Stoic philosopher. Persecution, mainly in Gaul, ended with his death.																						Persecution of Marcus Aurelius
Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum (Lyons)	6 ½	177	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum (Lyons)
Athenagoras (apologist)	33 ½	177	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Q	Some truths in Hesiod, Plato, Callimachus, Pindar, Socrates	Athenagoras (apologist)
Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis	½	177, 160-180	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis
Hegesippus (chronicler)	2 ½	170-180	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Hegesippus
Melito/Meleto of Sardis (Quartodecimian)	11	170-180	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	W	X	X	X	X	-	-	-	-	X	E	-	Melito/Meleto of Sardis (Quartodecimian)
Rhodon (against Marcion and Apelles)	½	180	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Rhodon (against Marcion and Apelles)
Theophilus of Antioch (to Autolycus)	32	168-181/188	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	E	-	Theophilus of Antioch (to Autolycus)
Ebionites & Clementina -OT Law, Father, Son	265 ½	-188 -	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Ebionites & Clementina -OT,Law, Father, Son
Irenaeus of Lyons, disciple of Polycarp	262	182-188	-	-	-	-	-	-	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Irenaeus of Lyons, disciple of Polycarp
Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs  (died 180 A.D.)	¾	180-202	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs  (died 180 A.D.)
Maximus of Jerusalem (wrote on origin of evil)	5	185-196	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Maximus of Jerusalem (wrote on origin of evil)
Polycrates of Ephesus (Quartodecimian)	½	196	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Polycrates of Ephesus (Quartodecimian)
Caius and the Muratorian Canon	3	190-217	-	-	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Caius and the Muratorian Canon
Sabellian heresy (Praxeas, Noetus, Callistus)		200-257-	Sabellians believed the Father, Son, and Spirit were one person. They were also called Patripassians for “passion of the Father”.																						Sabellian heresy (Praxeas, Noetus, Callistus)
Persecution of Septimus Severus		202	Est. 2M Christians. Although a Christian helped him in an illness, he did not repeal existing laws against Christians. Persecution in Syria, Egypt																						Persecution of Septimus Severus
Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas	7	c.201/205	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas
Romans kill first known martyrs in Britain		209	Alban, Julius, and Aaron were formerly thought killed in 304/5 A.D.																						Romans kill first known martyrs in Britain
Serapion of Antioch (against Marcion)	1/3	200-210	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Serapion of Antioch (against Marcion)
Minucius Felix (The Octavius)	25	210	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Minucius Felix (The Octavius)
Apollonius of Ephesus (against Montanists)	1	c.210	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Apollonius of Ephesus (against Montanists)
Clement of Alexandria	424	193-217/220	W	W	Q	-	Q	-	W	-	-	-	-	½ W	½ W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	E	-	Clement of Alexandria
Tertullian (joined the Montanist Church)	736	198-220	-	-	-	-	-	A	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	W	E	-	Tertullian (joined Montanist church)
Tertullian’s 5 Books Against Marcion	194	207/8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Tertullian’s 5 Books Against Marcion
Theodotus the probable Montanist	7 ¾	ca.240	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Theodotus the probable Montanist
Bardaisan/Bardesan of Syria (heretical)	11 ½	-224/232	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Bardaisan/Bardesan of Syria (heretical)
Asterius Urbanus (against Montanists)	2 ¾	c.232	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Asterius Urbanus (against Montanists)
Elchasaite Ebionites (said Jesus God’s Son)	2 ¼	before 236	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Elchasaite Ebionites (said Jesus God’s Son)
Hippolytus, pupil of Irenaeus (undisputed)	218	222-235/6	A	-	-	-	Q	-	W	A	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	X	X	X	-	-	-	Hippolytus, pupil of Irenaeus (undisputed)
Maximin Thrax persecutes Christians		235-238	First empire-wide persecution, but only of clergy. Persecution stopped when his soldiers assassinated him.																						Maximin Thrax persecutes Christians
Instructions of Commodianus	16	c.240	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Instructions of Commodianus
Julius Africanus (undisputed writings)	9	232-245	-	-	-	-	-	-	X	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Julius Africanus (undisputed writings)
Alexander of Cappadocia (Clem. A’.s pupil)	¾	233-251	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Alexander of Cappadocia (Clem. A’.s pupil)
Origen (heterodox teacher)	622	225-254	W	A	m	-	-	W	W	-	-	Q	-	W	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Origen (heterodox teacher)
Severe persecution by Decius and Gallus		250-251 - 253	First Christian schism. Were Christians who sacrificed but repented eventually allowed back, or doomed forever (Novatian)?																						Severe persecution by Decius and Gallus
Novatian (his schism lasted over 200 years)	38 ½	250/254-257	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Novatian (his schism lasted over 200 years)
Anonymous Treatise Against Novatian	6 ½	254-256	-	-	-	Q	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Anonymous Treatise Against Novatian
Anonymous Treatise on Rebaptism	11	c.250-258	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Anonymous Treatise on Rebaptism
Cyprian of Carthage (against Novatian)	250 ¾	c.246-258	W	-	W	W	W	A	W	W	-	-	W	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Cyprian of Carthage (against Novatian)
Roman church leaders (ltr 2,29,30)	1 + 4 ¾	250-251	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Roman church leaders (ltr 2,29,30)
Caldonius to Cyprian (letter 18)	¾	250-251	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Caldonius to Cyprian (letter 18)
Celerinus to Lucian (letter 20)	1 ¼	250-251	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Celerinus to Lucian (letter 20)
Lucian to Celerinus (letter 21)	¾	250-251	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Lucian to Celerinus (letter 21)
Moyses, et al. to Cyprian (letter 25)	2 ½	250	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Moyses, et al. to Cyprian (letter 25)
Cornelius to Cyprian (letters 45,47)	1 ¼	c.246-256	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-